It refers to the importance of Nanotechnology to develop the environmental sustainability of processes that are producing negative externalities. For the base of sustainability, they are making Green Nano-products and using Nano-products. The main aim of this technique is to minimize harmful environmental hazards and human health risks associated with the manufacture of Nanotechnology products, and also to boost replacement of existing products with new Nano-products that should be eco-friendly to the people. Nanomaterials or Nanoproducts used under this technology can perform several functions.

Biomarkers in basic and clinical research as well as in clinical practice has become so commonplace that their presence as primary endpoints in clinical trials. Biomarkers that have been well characterized and repeatedly shown to correctly predict relevant clinical outcomes across a variety of treatments and populations; this use is entirely justified and appropriate. It is easy to imagine measurable Biological characteristics that do not correspond to patients' clinical state, or whose variations are undetectable and without effect on health. Surrogate endpoints are a small subset of well-characterized Biomarkers with well-evaluated clinical relevance. A Biomarker consistently and accurately predicts a clinical outcome, either a Benefit or harm.

These Smart Textile materials are functional textile materials that can sense and respond to environmental conditions. They have applications in different fields such as medical science and engineering, automotive and aeronautics, personal protective equipment, sports, interior designs etc. They play a very crucial role in science and technology because of their commercial viability. All these innovations on Smart Textiles play a vital role in textile industry in its transformation into a competitive knowledge driven industry. Moreover, combining Smart Wearable’s with internet of things has an intense effect on research, development and applications of wearable technology with increased challenges and opportunities.

Many endeavours have been made in this field, with the goal of mimicking the smartness of biological systems and ultimately to be applied in real life. Proteins are ideal natural materials for the construction of biological organisms, which hold great potentials in the Smart Materials due to their unique properties.  Traditional materials consisting of alloys or polymers can fulfil some of the requirements, but with poor biocompatibility especially in biological processes. Significant progress has been made in the field of Smart Biomaterials, which can respond to surrounding stimuli, such as temperature, pH, chemicals, or ions.

New energy efficient technology based on Smart Materials fast developing and becomes increasingly cost-effective, with much shorter payback periods. Investing in renovation of existing building stock using Energy-Saving Technologies, such as innovative Smart Materials, offer an opportunity for housing energy efficiency. Smart Materials are undertaken only on a limited scale; because of lack of knowledge about their changeable properties and dynamism in that they behave in response to energy fields. Technological chain involved in the design, production and implementation of Smart Materials in refurbishment of existing buildings could allow the energy performance of buildings to influence their value. Distributive electricity and heating networks also experience less load intensity due to Smart Materials, that making better indoor conditions by reducing building‘s exposure to the fluctuation of outdoor conditions.

Smart behaviour occurs when a material can sense some stimulus from its environment and react to it in a useful, reliable, reproducible, and reversible manner. These properties have a beneficial application in various fields including dentistry. Materials used in dentistry were designed to be passive and inert, that is, to exhibit little or no interaction with body tissues and fluids. Materials used in the oral cavity were often judged on their ability to survive without interacting with the oral environment. The first inclination that an “active” rather than “passive” material could be attractive in dentistry was the realisation of the benefit of fluoride release from materials.

The scarcity of pure water is a major challenge faced by the world in the recent times, due to the effects of pollution combined with global climatic change. Nanotechnology is promising in the field of water treatment due to the fact that Nanomaterial’s show environmentally interesting chemical and physical properties like increased durability of materials against mechanical stress or weathering, high specific surface area and chemical reactivity of Nanoparticles and large absorption as well as adsorption capacity. The adaptation of highly advanced Nanotechnology to traditional process engineering offers new opportunities in technological developments for advanced water and wastewater technology processes. a growing number of contaminants like micro pollutants are entering the water bodies. Nanotechnology in three aspects of water treatment namely ground water treatment, waste water treatment and saline water treatment has been studied in terms of their sustainability.

Nanotechnology, a promising field of research welcomes in the present decade a wide array of opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in a variety of industrial sectors in the future. The potential advantages and benefits of Nanotechnology are enormous. These include agricultural productivity enhancement involves Nanoporous zeolites for slow release and efficient dosage of water and fertilizer, Nanocapsules for herbicide delivery and vector and pest management and Nanosensors for pest detection. The atom by atom arrangement permits the manipulation of Nanoparticles thus influencing their size, shape and orientation for reaction with the targeted tissues. It is now known that many insects have ferromagnetic materials in the head, thorax and abdomen, which act as geomagnetic sensors.

Shape Memory Alloys have mostly two phases Austenite and Martensite. Austenite phase is symmetric and Martensite phase is less symmetric. When a SMA is in martensite phase at lower temperatures, the metal can be deformed easily into any shape. When the alloy is warmed, it goes through transformation from martensite to austenite. Shape memory alloys are special and unique class of metal alloys when warmed up above certain temperature can recuperate apparent lasting strains which are resulted in it. They have high strength, good elasticity, fatigue resistance, wear resistance, easy fabrication. SMA’s have the ability to be used successfully in seismic area.

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are polymeric Smart Materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state (temporary shape) to their permanent shape develop by an external stimulus, such as temperature change. Shape Memory polymers are the compound plastics polymers that have a unique chemical structure. The glass transition temperature (Tg) plays a crucial role in Shape Memory Polymers. Above the Tg these Shape Memory polymers turn into rubber elastic and flexible. These Materials can solve engineering problems with unbelievable efficiency.

Optical and Electronic Smart Materials are connected and related with light and electricity. Optical and Electronic materials comprise the study, design, and manufacturing of smart materials that can convert electrical signals to light signals and light signals to electrical signals. The devices which convert them is called Optoelectronic devices. Optoelectronics escalates in the quantum mechanical effect of light. These Optoelectronic technologies consist of laser system, remote sensing systems, fiber communications, and electric eyes medical diagnostic systems.

Material science has a wide range of applications which includes ceramics, composites and polymer materials. Bonding in ceramics & glasses uses both covalent and ionic-covalent types with SiO2 as a basic building block. Ceramics are as soft as clay or else as hard as stone and concrete. Usually, they are in crystalline form. Most glasses contain a metal oxide amalgamated with silica. Applications scale from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete to the gorilla glass.

Polymers are also crucial part of materials science. Polymers are the raw materials which are used to make plastics. Specialty plastics are materials with particular characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability. Plastics are not divided based on their material but on its properties and applications.

For the repair or reshape of the mutilated tissue, Nanotechnology can be used as part of Tissue Engineering by the usage of suitable Nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors. If it is victorious then tissue engineering may replace conventional treatments like organ transplants. For bone tissue engineering applications, Nanoparticles such as carbon Nanotubes, graphene, carbon Nano cones and tungsten disulfide are used as reinforcing agents to manufacture mechanically strong biodegradable polymeric Nano composites.

Nano medicine is the application of Nano science and its technology in the field of medical science. It ranges from the applications of Nanomaterial’s to Biosensors, also for further upcoming applications of molecular Nanotechnology such as biological machines. Most of the biological structures are equal to the size of the Nanomaterial. So the functionalities of those structures can be quickly replaced by means of adding the specific functionality to Nanoparticles.

Neuroengineering concentrates on the development of artificial devices and novel materials to be functionally and structurally interfaced with the central nervous system. Today, there is the expectation that materials science and Nanotechnology will be able to address these challenges and conduct to breakthroughs at the level of the interfaces between Artificial transducers/actuators and living cells. Nanoparticles have ability to penetrate the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) of in vitro and in vivo models; and therefore can be utilized to develop diagnostic tools as well as Nano-enabled delivery systems that can bypass the BBB in order to make conventional and novel Neurotherapeutic interventions such as drug therapy, gene therapy, and tissue regeneration.

Over the increasing demand of Sensors, there is a need for development of Smart Materials which can be efficient and safe for various sensing application. Synthesis of these Smart Materials can be conducted through several novel fabrication and characterization techniques. The sensor devices that take information from a physical environment and use embedded microprocessors and wireless communication to monitor, examine, and maintain various systems. They have the ability to collect environmental data more accurately with less erroneous noise. Though they are used for a variety of applications, they are most commonly found in monitoring mechanisms, such as smart grids, science applications, and security systems. Magnetism could be exploited from these innovative Smart Materials especially from graphene.

Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH or chemical compounds causes transformation of their material property. Good Materials area unit the premise of the many applications along with sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, significantly as electrically activated polymers.

Recently, Nanomaterials have found application in the field of Forensic science with appropriate functionalization techniques. It is possible to develop significantly less-toxic Nanomaterials that have a greater advantage over conventionally used dyes and chemicals for the detection of trace evidence and detection of latent fingerprints, DNA, illicit drugs, fraudulent notes or currencies, chemical and biological warfare agents.  Fingerprints are developed from several colored materials such as aluminium flake on a dark background and carbon soot on a light background. However, these materials have major drawbacks such as unclear images of the fingerprint. This problem is solved by using Nanotechnology-based materials.

Smart Materials have the potential to build smart structures and materials. The range of possible products with new designs, quality control, multifunctional products, security element and externally applied field value such as stress, temperature and electric or magnetic fields. It involves composite materials embedded with fibre optics, actuators, sensors, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMSs), vibration control, sound control, shape control, product health or lifetime monitoring, cure monitoring, intelligent processing, active and passive controls, self-repair (healing), artificial organs, novel indicating devices, designed magnets, damping aero elastic stability and stress distributions.

Nanotechnology comprises the understanding, manipulation and control of matter. Nanotechnology expands its creation both in devices and materials with a vast range of applications such as electronics, medicine, production and energy. Nanotechnology products and application database provide an overview of how Nanomaterials are utilized in industrial and commercial applications. It mainly concentrates on the study of very small things which are used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, material science and engineering.